Neuroplasticity After Stroke: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and functional disability worldwide, causing significant impacts on patients’ quality of life and healthcare systems. In this context, neuroplasticity stands out as an essential mechanism for functional recovery after stroke, allowing structural and functional reorganization of the nervous system in response to brain injury. To analyze the main mechanisms involved in neuroplasticity after stroke and to review the therapeutic strategies used to enhance neurological and functional recovery in patients. This study consists of an integrative literature review carried out in national and international scientific databases, selecting studies related to neuroplasticity mechanisms and therapeutic approaches applied in post-stroke rehabilitation, including intensive physiotherapy, constraint-induced movement therapy, non-invasive brain stimulation, and rehabilitation technologies. The analyzed studies demonstrate that mechanisms such as cortical reorganization, long-term potentiation, neurotransmitter modulation, and neurogenesis play a fundamental role in neurological recovery. In addition, early evidence-based therapeutic interventions proved effective in promoting brain plasticity, contributing to functional, motor, and cognitive improvement in post-stroke patients. Neuroplasticity represents one of the main pillars of post-stroke recovery and is directly influenced by the adopted rehabilitation strategies. Neurorehabilitation therapies demonstrate significant potential to optimize functional recovery and improve patients’ quality of life. However, the heterogeneity of studies and limitations related to long-term follow-up highlight the need for further research to establish more effective and individualized therapeutic protocols.