Use of Artificial Intelligence as a “Second Opinion” and Its Influence on the Autonomy of Clinical Physicians

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze, through a systematic literature review, the use of artificial intelligence as a “second opinion” tool and its influence on the autonomy of clinical physicians. This is a descriptive and analytical review conducted through searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases, using descriptors related to artificial intelligence, clinical decision support systems, physicians, autonomy, and decision-making. Original studies available in full text that evaluated the interaction between artificial intelligence tools and the medical decision-making process were included. The results demonstrated a growing use of artificial intelligence as a support tool in clinical decision-making, with a significant impact on diagnostic accuracy and standardization of care. However, it was observed that the use of these technologies may influence medical autonomy both positively, by increasing decision-making confidence, and negatively, by promoting technological dependence and reduced critical thinking in certain contexts. Additionally, factors such as professional experience, trust in technology, and clinical environment were found to influence this relationship. It is concluded that artificial intelligence is a promising tool in clinical practice; however, its use must be balanced with the preservation of medical autonomy, requiring guidelines to ensure its ethical and safe integration.